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Is Homeopathic Medicine the “Enemy of Reason”?
Homeopathy has been the target of criticism by skeptical scientists and physicians throughout its history. One has just been broadcast in The Enemies of Reason, a two-part British TV documentary about New-Age and alternative medical practices.
But this critical view of alternative medicine by a prominent scientist, shown in the video below, suffers from major flaws which I will comment on in this post.
The Enemies of Reason
The second episode of The Enemies of Reason, conceived and presented by Richard Dawkins (the prominent biologist who has gained a worldwide following as a defender of science and reason), is a blistering attack on alternative medicine.
Dawkins views the rise of alternative medicine as an abandonment of rationality in favor of the superstition that preceded the Enlightenment and the Scientific Age. Having in the first episode extolled the virtues of scientific over anti-scientific practices such as astrology, in the second episode (48 minutes long) Dawkins focuses on faith healing and, starting at 0:23m, on homeopathy:
Is homeopathic medicine the “Enemy of Reason”?
The following is my critical commentary on this episode and especially on Dawkins’ perspective on homeopathy. This is an expansion on a comment I wrote in a prominent skeptical blog, where I responded to an uncritically favorable review of the episode.
Dawkins’ arguments are naive
Dawkins views the worlds of conventional and alternative medicine in black-and-white: alternative medicine is unproven medicine, and as soon as a treatment is proven to work it becomes conventional medicine (or simply, medicine). Never mind that the clinical methods of homeopathy or Chinese medicine require years of concentrated study to master, or that these and other systems use specialized diagnostic systems and criteria of clinical improvement that do not even exist in conventional medicine.
Dawkins’ explanations for the efficacy of alternative treatments are standard fare, reducing all claims of efficacy to the placebo effect. To quote: “It’s all about attentive doctors listening to the patient.” In other words, homeopaths are successful because they are especially attentive to their patients and generous with their time. Never mind that doctors have the full right to engage with their patients as much as homeopaths do, and that homeopaths are attentive because they have to be: conventional physicians wouldn’t have use for a long appointment, because conventional diagnosis is based on a much narrower set of data than homeopathic diagnosis.
Yet another reason for the success of alternative practitioners, Dawkins claims without a shred of evidence, is that they are perceived as figures of authority in an era that has tired of traditional authority figures. Never mind that conventional medicine remains a colossal, authoritative institution, and that most people turn to alternative medicine due to dissatisfaction with conventional treatment rather than a distrust of conventional medicine.
Dawkins’ arguments are simplistic
Dawkins presents alternative medicine in a stereotyped fashion, as though it were a homogeneous entity like conventional medicine. But the reality is that there are countless practices in alternative medicine, ranging from ones based on conventional science (e.g., nutrition) to many that are not medical but are explicitly religious ceremonies adapted through market pressure for healing purposes, in detachment from their original ritualistic context.
Dawkins is at his best when picking on easy targets
When dealing with faith healers who present wacky theories about the universe Dawkins is flawless, instructive, and entertaining (in the best sense of the word): there is no doubt that a lot of what is grouped under alternative medicine is based on placebo, is often performed by practitioners who are poorly trained even in their own disciplines (let alone in scientific thought and medicine), and that some alternative practitioners are malicious in their intent.
Dawkins is at his weakest when picking on homeopathy
When faced not with random faith healers but with more serious, level-minded exponents such as Peter Fisher (homeopathic physician to Queen Elizabeth II and clinical director of the Royal London Homoeopathic Hospital), Dawkins fails seriously to engage with their perspective which is fully aware of science, its triumphs, and its failings. Dawkins is therefore at his weakest when dealing with homeopathy:
- In Dawkins’ brief allusion to Samuel Hahnemann, the latter is made to look like a faith healer instead of the polymathic scientist that he was. Hahnemann was not only a physician who railed against the superstitious practices of his day, but a leading-edge chemist and an early advocate of experimental method (such that it was in his day) in medicine. But even if Hahnemann were dead-wrong about homeopathy, to suggest that he was irrational or not a scientist is ridiculous. After all, Newton had a lifelong fascination with theology more wacky than homeopathy ever will be, yet no scientist is bothered by this.
- Dawkins blatantly omits the fact that homeopathic dilutions undergo a specific process of shaking (‘succussion’) that could produce some “memory-of-water” effect. While this description is speculative and metaphorical (as no one has yet explained scientifically how homeopathic information might be stored in water), describing the preparation process of homeopathic remedies as based on dilution alone is factually incorrect and leaves out a crucial step, as dilution alone (without succussion) produces homeopathically inactive remedies that are truly no better than placebo.
- Dawkins misrepresents the one scientific study that he quotes as a comprehensive “meta-analysis of meta-analyses.” (A meta-analysis is a review of clinical studies, so the claim here is that the study is a review of reviews of clinical studies). In fact, the study he refers to is a methodologically suspect comparison of an a tiny subset of clinical trials (not meta-analyses) of conventional medicine with an unidentified subset of trials (not meta-analyses) of homeopathy, coupled with conclusions that didn’t follow from the in-part positive evidence. Many serious criticisms of this study have been published, including this one by Peter Fisher, yet Dawkins has chosen to adopt the trial’s conclusions uncritically.
- At the same time, Dawkins fails to alert the viewer about truly comprehensive meta-analyses, some of which (e.g. this one) conclude that there is a modest evidential basis for the reality of the homeopathic effect sufficient to consider the phenomenon a possible anomaly vis-à-vis current scientific understanding.
- Peter Fisher is himself of a skeptical mindset, admits to doubt, and has performed research to address his concerns. He admits that he will not be swayed by evidence in the sense of abandoning his clinical practice, but doesn’t claim blind belief in the reality of homeopathy above placebo and against experimental evidence, and continues in his research efforts accordingly. Dawkins fails to engage with this position, which combines concern for patients over-and-above scientific ideals (which Fisher nevertheless upholds) with rational skepticism identical to his own.
Let’s be skeptical of the skeptics
Dawkins’ critique is ultimately one-sided because his underlying belief is that, no matter how imperfect, modern medicine is fundamentally on good ground and therefore its imperfections are something we just have to live with, whereas the same faults in alternative practices are damning. This is, for example, why he bemoans the profit motive and poor evidential basis of alternative medicine without addressing the same concerns vis-à-vis conventional medicine.
Most significantly, Dawkins’ association of alternative medicine with irrationality is unsupported by fact. Scores of people no less rational that Dawkins submit to alternative treatments out of real despair arising from incurable conditions, and they frequently persist in their rational-skeptical world-view even after being helped (i.e., remaining agnostic about the explanation for their improvement).
I therefore do not agree with Dawkins’ overall concern that alternative medicine represents an abandonment of rationality, rather than a legitimate adjunct to conventional medicine, which it is rational to pursue, at least once conventional methods have been exhausted.
Ultimately, I would expect Dawkins to be consistent in his argumentation and to evade the charge of hypocrisy by providing:
- evidence (rather than anecdote) that people who submit to alternative practices are less rational than those who don’t;
- evidence that reduced interest in science is harmful (and in what way) to modern society;
- evidence that the modern world was built on reason alone and not also on patently theological elements of Western tradition;
- above all, an explanation of what exactly he means when he uses the word “evidence” in multiple contexts throughout the program, as though one could produce a randomized, placebo-controlled trial on demand and automatically obtain “fact” at the other end. Ah, if only the world were this simple!
Update: I discovered this account by Rupert Sheldrake, a biologist whose revolutionary ideas may offer the key to understanding how homeopathy works, of an interview that took place between him and Dawkins during the filming of Enemies of Reason. Sheldrake reports that Dawkins quit filming as soon as he brought up the issue of available evidence (in this case in favor of telepathy) that he had himself produced, thus exposing the refusal of even the best scientists to be swayed by evidence that conflicts with their pre-existing beliefs.
Speak your mind: Share your thoughts on this article by publishing your comment below.
14 Comments: (Click here to add a comment)
I have used homeopathy for my own health issues, other human friends, and many animal friends for almost 20 years. I have had far more successes than failures. I continue to learn, grow my skills in assessing health situations, and in choosing appropriate remedies and potencies. Likening homeopathy to some hokus pokus is malpractice. Big Pharma and a lot of the so-called science is not interested in healing. They are interested only in money, and fostering dependency. It strikes me that Dawkins probably suits Big Pharma quite well.
Science of homeopathy is a true science as all homeopaths know, taste of the pudding can only be said after one tastes it. People of mainstream type medicine can never understand because they are so closed up in their own world that they do not want to explore the power of homeopathy treatment. I read once a statement by the great Dr Kent that homeopaths are doctors not pphysicians. A doctor will get to the core of the problem facing the patient not his pocket. After the consultation with the doctor the patient should feel relieved that, yes, someone does care to listen to the patient wholeheartedly. Not like a conventional physician in whose clinic every 5 to 10 minutes a patient walks out with a prescription to a nearest drug store with side effects to deal with.
Though when homeopathy falls into wrong hands where medicines are mixed and overdosed it is not any different than other type of treatment available. We do need doctors like Kent, Hering, and Allen, learn from their findings, and study the drug picture.
Thanks.
You really cannot still be pulling the Lancet 1997 study out? That has been gone over and shown to be flawed for including too many low quality trials. Rubbish In, Rubbish Out. Even in its original form, the paper concluded that, “we found insufficient evidence from these studies that homeopathy is clearly efficacious for any single clinical condition”
Is this the best evidence to show that homeopathy is not a delusion and homeopaths are not the ‘enemy of reason’?
The answer is of course to look at the science. Physics and chemistry says that the principles of dilution and succussion are impossible (even if there is a memory effect in water, and there is no evidence so far, it still does not explain homeopathy — How does the water memory transfer to a sugar pill? How does the memory get stronger after dilution? How does the memory have a biological effect? etc.). Biology shows that ‘like-cures-like’ cannot be a general principle of healing. And the experimental evidence is shoddy. To remind you, your best meta analysis concluded “we found insufficient evidence from these studies that homeopathy is clearly efficacious for any single clinical condition.”
Yes, not only is there no explanation as to how water retains the memory of dilution. There is no evidence that it does. Their is also no conclusive double blind trials that show Homeopathy works. Dr Peter Fisher is being a little disingenuous when he claims some research shows an effect above Placebo. When prompted for the research he refers to, it appears that the research is actually inconclusive. It’s also true that the Chinese Meridian system is not used in Modern Medicine. Why? The answer is - no meridians, no chi.
Homeopathy may be 200 years old, that fact alone adds nothing to the arguement as to whether it works. Rather it goes against it. Why in 200 years has it not evolved or at least produced conclusive evidence that it works?
The Richard Dawkins programmes were made by the establishment for the establishment, and the establishment applauded.
As I watched I wondered if he was putting the cause of complementary medicine back into the dark ages. He did his best, but I don’t believe that he succeeded, as many of his set pieces were laughable, and his axiomatic statements were poorly researched, using flawed evidence.
My biggest problem with this man, is that he is using his position as a respected Oxford University Professor to persuade people that he is right, by using the age old ploy of pretending to be on their side. This position is often taken by those who desire to control others.
He has undoubtedly earned praise from the pharmaceutical industry, the medical profession, and all those interested parties with a finger in the allopathic pie. What he seeks to achieve with free thinkers, is to stop them from thinking for themselves, and toe his party line. In other words to take away choice.
In the UK we are forced to pay for a failing National Health Service, and in any other society a success story like the London Homoeopathic Hospital would be applauded, not derided as playing with the placebo effect. Only someone of Dawkins’ stature would have been provided with air time to do this, only someone feeling a need to ‘protest too much’ would have done it. I suggest that he is feeling insecure within a society that is beginning to take complementary and alternative therapies seriously.
For more discussion on the opinions of Richard Dawkins and his disciples visit:
http://liveholistically.com/richard-dawkins-and-the-enemies-of-reason/
Here’s an article that addresses the memory in water question:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4152521,00.html
I think it’s laughable when people who have not given something an honest try state that it is a “delusion.”
Nobody will ever convince me that the healing I have known through homeopathy is a delusion or the placebo effect. Why didn’t all the medications I was prescribed over so many years cure me through the placebo effect? Yet these drugs are accepted and praised by these homeopathy debunkers, while homeopathy—which actually works—is spurned.
People need to grow up and stop being so sure that their own biases are reality.
If you are so fond of homeopathy and really want to prove that it works then give me the answer to following question:
The homeopathy medicine is avilable in dilution up to the magnitude 30 and above. At the dilution of about 23 there is only one molecule left in the homeopathic drug, now at dilution 30 we have a solution in which having one molecule of drug is like having a megamillion lottery. How does the solution retain the “memory” of said drug in order to be effective?
Do not post your answer here; publish a research paper in any journal.
PS: You will win Nobel prize for physics if you could publish such a theory which explains the memory effect.
You want evidence that reduced interest in science is harmful (and in what way) to modern society?
Please, please tell me you are joking that you don’t see the need for the continued growth of science when it has done and continues to do so much for our species.
Andy Lewis & J Garrinton:
Your claim that there are no good studies demonstrating the reality of the homeopathic effect are contrary to fact. It is only through selective reading of the literature and ad hoc interpretation of the evidence that you can sustain your claims: whenever a study shows a positive effect then you conclude that it must be low-quality, inconclusive, or clinically inapplicable.
A consistent scientific attitude would require of you to apply the same stringent criteria also to conventional medical studies. It would also require of you to exercise the principle of charity, according to which you would acknowledge that any individual study could at most generate a small piece of the puzzle rather than provide an all-encompassing proof of homeopathy.
Homeopathy is admittedly a huge puzzle vis-à-vis modern science, and only a long-term research program could provide breakthroughs. Therefore your hostile attitude toward the whole research effort, based on the dogma that water cannot possibly hold any information, is patently unscientific. I need only refer to this reference list as proof that this is a hot topic in conventional scientific circles (with much of the research performed by scientists ignorant of homeopathy).
The results that individual homeopathic practitioners obtain in complex, otherwise incurable clinical cases are difficult to convey to those who have not observed homeopathic patients being treated long-term. No armchair reasoning — not even by great intellects — can substitute for such experience. The claim that such results are due to placebo, especially when enough results contradict this hypothesis, is simply an evasion from true engagement with the subject-matter. Finally, your absolute reliance on common-sense and randomized controlled trials is a mockery of scientific process. A mature scientific attitude would acknowledge that there are multiple types of evidence, including observational and anecdotal evidence, that go into building up a scientific picture of the world.
antibarbie:
I am far from claiming that we should turn away from science! It is precisely because I share your concern about the decline of science that I am arguing that scientific process has to evolve.
The main premise and promise of the Enlightenment was for science to be the tool through which we would come to a progressively more complete understanding of the universe. But in recent decades it has become clear that science as it is practiced today reveals more mysteries than it solves. In other words, as the sphere of scientific knowledge expands, scientific anomalies that remain unaddressed by science continue to accumulate at an ever-increasing rate.
The result is that science doesn’t answer people’s need to understand the universe fully, which explains the turn away from science back to traditional religion and superstition. This worrisome state should act as a wake-up call to scientists: people are part of the universe, and any complete explanation of it must address people’s experiences without dismissing them as merely subjective, illusional, or delusional.
So what I propose is precisely the continued growth of science, but not only in details (e.g. yet another genetic breakthrough) but in essence. To begin, an alternative must be found to the Cartesian division between mind and matter than still rules (even post-Newtonian) science so that human experience can become part of the universe, which will have to be not merely material but mind-like at the same time. It is only when science respects and acknowledges human reality that it will begin to regain its ground.
David, I did not say that there is no good evidence. I merely picked the study you chose to bring up as evidence and I showed how weak it was.
Meta analyses are important because if you do enough studies of homeopathy, occasionally a good study will show a positive result, even if there is no effect. This is due to the statistical nature of such studies. It is you who cling to these flukes like they are proof. Meta analyses, like the one you link to, show how weak this position is.
And talk of water memory is an utter red herring for homeopaths. There is a massive chain of implausibility in homeopathic thinking where only one step would be solved if water really did have a memory.
See here,
I am a Homoeopathic Doctor with post graduation in the Organon and Philosophy of Homoeopathy from a recognized University in India. I am practising Homoeopathy for the last 30 years. I was working in a Government Hospital with a daily attendance of about 100 patients a day. Now after retirement from Government service I attend a similar number of patients successfully in my private consultations. We are about 9,000 qualified doctors practising in a state called Kerala. In the whole of the country, there are about 200,000 qualified practitioners who had their qualifications by about 4-5 years of study from about 175 recognized colleges in the country. The government of India is very much convinced about the efficacy of Homoeopathic Medicine and hence it has recognized this system of treatment for the last several decades.
We homoeopaths do not believe that Homoeopathy is only a material science. It is not only a science but also is an art and a philosophy. If material science only is truth, there is no meaning in conducting scientific experimentations to reveal the mysteries of nature. How can one say that Health is purely a material science? I had patient of Hypertension who developed the diseases since her only son who was her only supporting individual in the world died in a car accident in a Gulf country. How science explains all the aspects of Arts like music, paintings, drawings etc.? How science explains the Beauty, Peace, Happiness, Goodness etc.? Do they not exist? Are they not truths? The materialist who cannot appreciate and explain the infinitessimal dilutions now explains that a mobile phone call from my brother in California can reach me at the other side of the globe within seconds and thousands of electonic signals that pass though my vicinity can be received using proper receivers.
The conventional medicine is now frightened seeing that majority of the people are not approaching them for their health promotion or maintenance but they only approach them for the surgical interventions, and some accident management measures, which they are monopolizing. How can they ban a system of treatment that gives the people relief from their innumerable complaints? This system takes into consideration the spirit and mind of the individual in addition to the Physical ailments. The majority of the population in the world are believers of various religions. In the eyes of the material scientists, how will they explain the peace, happiness, morality etc. they get out of their faiths? Then let them first ban the religions of the world. The truths are not always born in the laboratories outside, but they are first born in the laboratories of the mind. Dr. Hahnemann was one such god-man who could understand the human sciences in a better manner than the material scientists.
Many thanks to everyone for at least providing a rational and reasoned debate on a controversial subject.
I do not know that Homeopathy works but I do know that I refuse to see an entire field of medicine wiped away, and that appears to be exactly the goal of the anti-homeopathists, based on a few misinterpreted studies and “meta” analyses and their knowledge of high school chemistry. There is more going on in a thimblefull of water than will be known in the next 100 years.
The anti-homeopathists, rather than pursuing a long course of research, keep seeking the one knockout that will kill ALL research and funding to Homeopathy.
THAT is not research, it is an attempt at assassinating an entire field. This can easily be shown when Maddox decided to introduce ‘debunkers’ as a precondition to publishing the dedicated work of the resepected immunologist and researcher Benveniste, or when Lancet carefully scheduled a “debunking” issue to appear right after Prince Charles spoke in favor of Homeopathy in a courageous address to the World Health Organization in 2005. To do such things indicates more a FEAR that Homeopathy might just be viable, rather than an unbiased and objective attitude towards research.
Nor am I impressed by claims of “placebo” effect, or other logical fallacies which insult one’s intelligence such as the pre-definition of “standard” medicine as “that which works” and of alternative medicine as “that which does not”.
Last but not least, and for me this is the ultimate refutation of the anti-homeopathists’ unreasoning stance, you might think that if they were this mad at a relatively harmless modality such as homeopathy, they would be up in arms and STORMING THE RAMPARTS of conventional medicine and the drugs put forth by the pharmaceutical companies which are almost routinely killing people. What was the last recent news item, a 5-billion-dollar settlement from Merck over Vioxx that was granted to 27,000 people? And then there was Fen Phen, and many others.
But, such is not the case, the anti-homeopathists are just fine with the “double-blinded” studies which approved such dangerous nostrums, only to stand by and remain silent when the drugs are “withdrawn” or “new warnings” are added to the labels after the damage is done. Such “selective” outrage on the one issue and curious acquiescence on the other tells me that I DO NOT AGREE with the anti-Homeopathists and that I will KEEP AN OPEN MIND on Homeopathy.
What a heated debate !
I am myself a reflexology therapist and I work in a clinic with a pro-homeopathy doctor. His point of view is that sure he can always prescribe drugs. But in countless cases where stronger drugs are not urgently required he first gives a fair go with homeopathy. He’s been very successful and this proves to me that a gradual approach to healing can succeed.
Read related articles:
- Debating the Availability of Publicly Funded Homeopathic Treatment
- Skepticism About Homeopathy: Can’t We Just Ignore the Skeptics?
- This is Why Homeopaths Emphasize Clinical Results over Theory
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